Activity 1

VILLAS, HANNAH MONICA V. - Activity 1

VILLAS, HANNAH MONICA V. - Activity 1

by Hannah Monica Villas -
Number of replies: 0

 

1. Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.

 

  • Inflammation is the defensive body response when tissue is damaged. Manifestations of inflammation can occur as redness, pain, heat, and swelling. There are three basic stages of inflammation,

 

1. Vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability

 

      • During this first stage, changes happen in the blood vessels in case of presence of tissue damage which is vasodilation where there is an increase in the diameter of the arterioles and an increase in capillary permeability. Whenever there is an increase in permeability, substances that are usually maintained in blood can pass through the blood vessels wherein antibodies and clotting factors can also enter to enter the site of tissue damage. As vasodilation allows more blood to flow, the increase in blood flow can also aid in the removal of dead cells and microbial toxins.

2. Emigration of phagocytes

      • This is the stage where phagocytes appear within an hour after the start of inflammation. Neutrophils start to stick to the blood vessels’ lining as a huge amount of blood accumulates. The neutrophils try to reach the site of damage and attack the microbes invading the area through phagocytosis. Neutrophils die off fast after the predominance of the early stages of infection. Still, the inflammatory response carries on as monocytes follow the neutrophils in the site of tissue damage where they transform into macrophages, wandering to alleviate phagocytic activity. These macrophages die that then results in the accumulation of dead cells or what we know as pus. Pus formation continues until the infection calms down. Then finally,

 

3. Tissue repair

 

 

2. Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.

Innate immunity

  • It is also known as nonspecific immunity that includes both physical and chemical barriers which are our skin and mucous membranes respectively. As said in the name, this immunity is innate to us since our birth and this includes internal defenses of the body like antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, to inflammation and then fever. Our skin and mucous membranes serve as the first line of defense of the body against pathogens. As the pathogens enter the body, they will face the second line of defense of our body which are the internal defenses:

    1. Antimicrobial substances that are responsible for discouraging growth of microbes.

    2. Natural killer cells and phagocytes will be encountered by the pathogens after their encounter with the antimicrobial substances. Phagocytosis happens by chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing accordingly.

    3. Inflammation which is regarded as the defensive response of the body to the damaged area.

    4. And fever in which the increased body temperature alleviates the effects of interferons which will then hinder microbial growth and increases the speed of body reaction that can help in body repair.

 

REFERENCE/S:

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology (14th ed.). Wiley Custom Learning Solutions.