1. Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
Inflammation defends the body against any microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury, and prepares the site of tissue repair to maintain homeostasis. First stage. VASODILATION AND INCREASED BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY. Arterioles dilate to increase the blood flow and to help in removing microbial toxins and dead cells. Capillaries become more permeable to allow the entrance of defensive proteins like antibodies and clotting factors to the injured area from the blood. Second stage. EMIGRATION OF PHAGOCYTES. Leukocytosis or increase in white blood cells come into play after the inflammation. Neutrophils reach for the damaged area to act as phagocytes then die eventually. Monocytes follow next to neutrophils to transform into wandering macrophages that engulfs damaged tissue, worn-out neutrophils, and invading microbes. After a few days, pus is formed which is the collection of dead cells and fluid. The last stage is TISSUE REPAIR.
2. Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
Innate immunity, as the term implies, refers to the defenses present at birth that act against all microbes in the same way. It does not involve specific recognition of a microbe unlike the adaptive immunity. The skin and mucous membranes of the body are the first line of defense that acts as physical and chemical barriers that prevent the penetration of pathogens and foreign substances to the body. The second line of defense is the internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.