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Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
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One of the body's protective reactions to tissue injury is inflammation. Both viral and non-infectious stimuli can activate inflammatory cells, as can cell damage. Inflammatory signaling pathways, most often the NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways, are then activated. The process consists of the following:
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Vasodilation and Increased Blood Vessel permeability - Vasodilation is the expansion of blood vessels, especially capillaries and arterioles. The smooth muscle cells in the walls of the blood vessels relax to regulate this process. More blood can pass through the vessels as a result of the relaxation of these muscles. It helps in order to allow more blood to pass through the inflamed area. Increased permeability is the ability of blood artery walls to let materials through, such as fluids, proteins, and white blood cells, is referred to as increased permeability. It makes it possible for immune cells to get from the circulation to the site of an injury or infection. This is frequently linked to the blood vessel walls' endothelial cells' tight connections becoming less rigid.
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Emigration of Phagocytes - After the inflammatory process starts, vasodilation and blood vessel permeability allow more blood to accumulate. Neutrophils start to adhere to the blood vessel's endothelium on the inside and start to press through the wall. Neutrophils are ensured which attempt to destroy microbes through phagocytosis, together with leukocytosis which are the phagocytes. This early stage is followed by monocyte production which will die along with the neutrophils after a few days. And after this is the formation of pus which will stimulate tissue repair or regeneration.
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Tissue regeneration - The repair of tissue structure and function is the focus of this phase. A crucial structural protein in connective tissue, collagen, is produced at the site of injury by fibroblast migration. For the purpose of covering the wound surface, epithelial cells proliferate and migrate. Finally, to improve strength and functionality, the tissue is remodeled.
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Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
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Innate (nonspecific) immunity
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It offers broad-spectrum protection that is instantaneous and fast without requiring prior exposure to certain infections. It is the external physical and chemical barriers that protects the body from risks such as microbes, and bacteria. The innate immunity has a first line of defense which includes the skin and mucous membrane. Due to the packed layers of skin which make up the epidermis, it shields the body from microbes and other bacteria that intend to harm the organism. The second line of defense includes the internal defenses such as natural killer cells, phagocytosis, fever, and inflammation. This second layer works internally if the pathogens successfully penetrate the first line of defense. These mechanisms promote the activation of immune cells, impede the development of pathogens, and facilitate the restoration of injured tissues. In addition to killing and digesting germs and parasites, specialized cells like macrophages can release cytokines that trigger inflammation and activate other immune system components.
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References:
Libretexts. (2022). 7.3: Barrier defenses and the innate immune response. Biology LibreTexts. https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Anatomy_and_Physiology_II_(Lumen)/07%3A_Module_5-_The_Lymphatic_and_Immune_System/7.03%3A_Barrier_Defenses_and_the_Innate_Immune_Response
Libretexts. (2023). 5.5A: Steps of tissue repair. Medicine LibreTexts. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/5%3A_Integumentary_System/5.5%3A_Wound_Healing/5.5A%3A_Steps_of_Tissue_Repair
Nilson, B. (2015). The lymphatic system: Innate and adaptive immunity. Visible Body 3d Human Anatomy. https://www.visiblebody.com/blog/the-lymphatic-system-innate-and-adaptive-immunity
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. Wiley.