ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following questions:
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Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
Inflammation is the innate immune response's defining feature. Innate immune system cells are also activated by this process, which enables them to eradicate potential infection sources. One of the most fundamental types of immunological response is inflammation. The procedure helps isolate the location, preventing the disease from spreading, in addition to bringing fluid and cells into the area to eliminate the pathogen and remove it along with any debris. There are three things that need to happen in order for our body to heal after an injury.
First, vasodilation (when blood vessels in your body widen) and enhanced blood vessel permeability facilitate the removal of dead cells and microbial poisons by allowing more blood to pass through the injured area;
Second, in order for inflammatory tissue monocytes to develop into roaming macrophages that enhance the phagocytic activity of any fixed macrophages present in the tissue, phagocytes must emigrate from the circulation into the interstitial fluid;
Third, pus is a collection of dead tissue cells and fluid that can either reach the body's surface or leak into an internal cavity and disperse, although tissue repair happens when macrophages die. The tissue then undergoes remodeling to return to its original characteristics.
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Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
Humoral immunity functions by the synthesis of antibody molecules in reaction to an antigen, a process that necessitates the presence of substances in bodily fluids like humor. The antibodies that are produced by plasma cells serve as a link between the humoral and cellular immune responses. Helper T cells are triggered and B cells become alerted when antigens bind to their antigen receptors. Helper T cell signals and antigen binding promote B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that secrete specific antibodies. These antibodies can neutralize infections by attaching themselves to them and preventing their harmful effects. Additionally, pathogens can be coated, which enables opsonization by accessory cells to ingest and eliminate them.
Moreover, the main component that promotes humoral immunity is antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies can neutralize toxins, immobilize bacteria that cause cilia and flagella to lose their motility, agglutinate and precipitate antigens, activate complement, and improve phagocytosis. Additionally, there are several immunoglobulin classes, such as IgD, IgE, IgM, IgA, and IgG. Immunological memory is another feature of our immune system that helps our body recall particular antigens. As a result, secondary reactions to an antigen have a greater affinity for the antigen and are more effective in eliminating it than primary responses.
References:
OpenStax. (2013, June 19). Libguides: Bio 140 - human biology I - textbook: Chapter 24 - barrier defenses and the innate immune response. Chapter 24 - Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response - BIO 140 - Human Biology I - Textbook - LibGuides at Hostos Community College Library. https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu/bio140
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. Wiley.