Answer the following questions:
1. Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
- Inflammation is a general, protective body response to tissue damage. Pathogens, abrasions, chemical irritations, cellular distortions or disruptions, and severe temperatures are some of the factors that can cause inflammation. Certain indications and symptoms are related with inflammation, including: pain caused by the release of certain chemicals, redness because more blood is rushed to the affected area, immobility caused by a loss of function in severe inflammations, swelling caused by an accumulation of fluids, and heat, also caused by more blood rushing to the affected area. In each instance, the inflammatory response consists of three fundamental stages: (1) vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, (2) emigration (movement) of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial fluid, and, finally, (3) tissue repair. Vasodilation allows more blood to flow through the wounded area, and higher permeability allows protective proteins from the blood to enter the area. Blood flow helps remove microbial toxins and dead cells. Moreover, Increased capillary permeability releases blood-clotting agents into tissues. The clotting sequence begins, and fibrinogen is transformed to an insoluble, dense network of fibrin threads that traps and prevents invading microorganisms. On the other hand, Within an hour of the onset of an inflammatory response, phagocytes arrive at the site. When substantial amounts of blood build, neutrophils cling to the inner surface of the endothelium (lining) of blood vessels. The neutrophils then force their way through the blood vessel wall to reach the wounded site. This is the emigration of phagocytosis. Additionally, the surface epithelium begins to regenerate and replace the scab as it grows underneath it. Scar tissue from fibroblasts persists, as does the replacement of old tissue with same tissue.
2. Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
- Immunity that is present at birth is referred to as innate (nonspecific) immunity. Innate immunity does not involve the specific recognition of a bacterium and functions uniformly against all microorganisms. First line of defense which are the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes and second line of defense which are the antimicrobial chemicals, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever are components of innate immunity. Innate immune responses serve as the immune system's early warning system, preventing germs from entering the body and aiding in their elimination if they do obtain access.
References:
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy & physiology. Fifteenth edition; Wiley Loose-Leaf Print Companion. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.