1. What are the organs that constitute each of the organ-systems above?
The organs that constitute each of the 11 organ-systems in the body, according to Tortora and Derrickson (2014) are:
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Integumentary System: Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
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Skeletal System: Bones, ligaments, joints, cartilages, and tendons.
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Muscular System: Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles.
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Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin).
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Endocrine System: Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
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Cardiovascular System: Heart, blood, and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).
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Lymphatic System: Lymphatic fluid and vessels, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.
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Respiratory System: Nose, lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes.
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Digestive System: Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small intestines, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
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Urinary System: Kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
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Reproductive System:
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Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.
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Male Reproductive System: Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.
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2. Which organ systems function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid?
Mainly, only two organ systems have the function to excrete the waste products (like carbon dioxide and urine) of the body to maintain homeostasis: the respiratory and urinary systems. However, the blood carries wastes from cells to these corresponding systems, indicating that the cardiovascular system is also involved in maintaining the balance. Herewith, the organ systems that play a vital role in the regulation of acid-base balance in body fluid are the respiratory, urinary, and cardiovascular systems.