1. What are the organs that constitute each of the organ-systems above? The organs that comprise each of the 11 organ-systems are listed below (based from Betts and Johnson's Anatomy and Physiology, 2017):
- Integumentary System: hair, skin, and nails.
- Skeletal System: cartilage, bones, and joints
- Muscular System: skeletal muscles and tendons
- Nervous System: brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
- Endocrine System: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and testes(for males)/ovaries(for females).
- Cardiovascular System: heart and blood vessels
- Lymphatic system: thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic vessels
- Respiratory System: nasal passage, trachea, and lungs
- Digestive System: stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, and small intestine
- Urinary System: kidneys and urinary bladder
- Reproductive System: (for males) epididymis and testes; (for females) mammary glands, ovaries, and uterus
2. Which organ systems function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid? The lungs from the respiratory system and the kidneys from the urinary system mainly regulate the acid-base balance in the body. As levels of dissolved carbon dioxide increase acidity in the blood, the lungs with the help of the brain control the speed and depth of breathing which help regulate the amount of carbon dioxide present. The kidneys are able to control the acid-base levels with its ability to excrete excess acids or bases. (Source: https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/acid-base-balance/overview-of-acid-base-balance#:~:text=The%20blood%20carries%20carbon%20dioxide,depth%20of%20breathing%20(ventilation).