1. Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
i. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels – Vasodilation permits more blood to flow through the traumatized area, and increased permeability allows defensive proteins such as antibodies and clotting factors to enter the traumatized area from the blood. The increased blood flow contributes to the removal of microbial toxins and dead cells.
ii. Emigration of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial fluid – Phagocytes appear on the site within an hour after the inflammatory process begins. As more blood accumulates, neutrophils stick to the inner surface of the endothelium of blood vessels. These neutrophils will then squeeze through the wall of the blood vessel to reach the traumatized area—such process is called emigration.
iii. Tissue repair
2. Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
Innate Immunity
- First line of defense: Skin and mucous membranes – Such structures provide both physical and chemical barriers that depress pathogens and foreign substances from entering the body and causing disease.
- Second line of defense: Internal defenses – When pathogens are able to enter and penetrate the skin and mucous membranes’ physical and chemical barriers, such pathogens encounter the second line of defense, particularly the internal defenses, such as internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.