Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
When an area of the body undergoes trauma, the lymphatic system takes action to defend it. Through the non-specific defensive mechanism of the body called inflammation, the human body becomes capable of defending itself naturally against damaging situations. Inflammation is essential to eliminate foreign materials and other harmful substances in order to prevent it from spreading and to facilitate the preparation for tissue repair. This defensive mechanism is characterized by its process involving the following stages:
Vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability
During this stage, vasodilation occurs to allow more blood to flow to the injured site, and it is accompanied by an increase in the permeability of the blood vessels, which are crucial steps in the beginning of the healing process as they deliver defensive substances such as proteins, antibodies, and clotting factors to the site of injury. These substances in particular are histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and complement.
Emigration of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial fluid
In this stage, phagocytes follow within an hour after the beginning of the inflammatory process. The first response would be the emigration or travel of the neutrophils to the site of injury in order to eliminate and prevent the invasion of microbes through phagocytosis. However, neutrophils would die immediately after this, and macrophages would follow suit. Macrophages are a more potent type of phagocyte that would engulf damaged tissues, neutrophils, and microbes.
Tissue repair
Tissue repair is the last stage of the process, and this involves the restoration of tissue structure and function to their normal state through the replacement of dead cells and the reconstruction of tissues.
Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity, also known as antibody-mediated immunity, is responsible for the defense of the body against extracellular pathogens (virus, bacteria, and fungus) through the involvement of antibodies that are usually in the bodily fluids or body humors, which is why it is called humoral immunity. Here, the B cell gives rise to the antibodies. This happens as B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphatic organ when an antigen-MHC II complex is found in the plasma membrane and the t cells produce a cytokine to activate and stimulate clone selection. This will then form plasma cells that will release the antibodies and also produce memory B cells. Antibodies would later bind to antigens and disable them. Afterwards, antibodies may also trigger the complement system, which enhances the immune response. On the other hand, the memory B cells produced prior will exhibit immunological memory, which is the ability to remember specific antigens that triggered the immune response in the past. When the same virus is encountered again, this will serve as the foundation for a faster immune response.