Read the attached article and answer the questions at the end. Your discussion should be supported by evidence or articles from experts. Follow the APA format in your citations.
In reply to Bettina Evio
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
1. What makes the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine and Hall Categorized as Pre-Paradigmatic?
A paradigm is a worldview or an overall way of looking at a discipline and its science (Mackinnon & Powell, 2008). While empirical knowledge has been greatly contributing to the theories of nursing, the need for Nursing as an act of caring has been greatly applied way before the paradigms and actual sets of scientific bases have been established. Florence Nightingale, as the mother of modern nursing has seen the importance of environment in tremendously improving outcomes of recovery. Henderson's focus is to address the fourteen (14) basic needs which gives limits to its scope. Levine's theory highlighted four conservation principles as an important aspect of her theory while Lydia Hall's theory focused on the care, core and cure components. As all theories have not utilised the four (4) paradigms that guides the completeness of a theory, It can be drawn that the mentioned theories fall under the Pre-paradigm design of nursing theories.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
Yes, as nursing as a science consist of evidence-based notions that guides practice. Theoretical guidance for the professional practice of nursing is required for the development of nursing knowledge. (Donaldson and Crawley, 1978). Nursing theories as old as Nightingale's is just as useful as the newer ones being synthesised that is why as the discipline of nursing continuously evolves in terms of practice, understanding how phenomenas and advancements lead to empirical knowledge help in creating more concepts that will improve delivery of care in the nursing realm.
A paradigm is a worldview or an overall way of looking at a discipline and its science (Mackinnon & Powell, 2008). While empirical knowledge has been greatly contributing to the theories of nursing, the need for Nursing as an act of caring has been greatly applied way before the paradigms and actual sets of scientific bases have been established. Florence Nightingale, as the mother of modern nursing has seen the importance of environment in tremendously improving outcomes of recovery. Henderson's focus is to address the fourteen (14) basic needs which gives limits to its scope. Levine's theory highlighted four conservation principles as an important aspect of her theory while Lydia Hall's theory focused on the care, core and cure components. As all theories have not utilised the four (4) paradigms that guides the completeness of a theory, It can be drawn that the mentioned theories fall under the Pre-paradigm design of nursing theories.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
Yes, as nursing as a science consist of evidence-based notions that guides practice. Theoretical guidance for the professional practice of nursing is required for the development of nursing knowledge. (Donaldson and Crawley, 1978). Nursing theories as old as Nightingale's is just as useful as the newer ones being synthesised that is why as the discipline of nursing continuously evolves in terms of practice, understanding how phenomenas and advancements lead to empirical knowledge help in creating more concepts that will improve delivery of care in the nursing realm.
In reply to Jason Anthony Alberto
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
by Queenee Quiambao -
Hello, Sir Jason! This is a straightforward way of explaining what a paradigm is. I'm with you on that they don't strictly follow the usual patterns that usually shape how theories are made, makes me think more about the complexities of nursing theories.
In reply to Bettina Evio
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
by Queenee Quiambao -
1. What made the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine and Hall be categorized as pre paradigmatic?
Pre paradigmatic according to Kuhn is the onset of scientific advancements or “immature science”. It is a time where there is no main idea that guides both study and practice (Pires, 2012). This phase is characterized by several incompatible and incomplete theories. (Kuhn, Thomas S, 1962) There wasn’t much consensus in the early days of nursing over the key theories and notions. From my perspective, the aforementioned Nursing theorists approached it from a variety of angles: the environment(Nightingale), fundamental human needs (Henderson), conservation principles (Levine), and interpersonal Process (Hall). It seems to me, these contrasting approaches indicate lack of single cohesive framework or unifying body of belief. From my perspective, although these theories could not all be considered as part of the early, formative stages of nursing theory development, as they are not typically considered pre-paradigmatic theorists in the same sense as some earlier philosophers and theorists in the field of nursing, the aforementioned theorist explored various approaches, each possessing their unique collection of assumptions and approaches.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
There’s no need to think about it extensively, and and my answer is yes. It is essential to incorporate nursing theory into the nursing practice. Primarily, it serves as a crucial filter through which nurses see patient circumstances, enabling them to appropriately sift through and grasp the massive amounts of data that they come into touch with on a daily basis while doing their caregiving tasks (Smith and Parker, 2014). As I see it, nursing theories provide framework for understanding and organizing the complex nature of nursing practice. It guide us in decision-making processes, help us prioritize care, and promote critical thinking. Theoretical framework also boosts productivity and provide nurses greater control over the patient care process by assisting them in planning and carrying out the procedure more skillfully (Younas and Quennell, 2019). It's my understanding that, theory can be seen as a valuable tool for improving the quality of care. Integrating nursing theory into practice is a way to ensure that nursing care is both effective and patient-centered, they empower us to provide efficient, goal-driven care.
Pre paradigmatic according to Kuhn is the onset of scientific advancements or “immature science”. It is a time where there is no main idea that guides both study and practice (Pires, 2012). This phase is characterized by several incompatible and incomplete theories. (Kuhn, Thomas S, 1962) There wasn’t much consensus in the early days of nursing over the key theories and notions. From my perspective, the aforementioned Nursing theorists approached it from a variety of angles: the environment(Nightingale), fundamental human needs (Henderson), conservation principles (Levine), and interpersonal Process (Hall). It seems to me, these contrasting approaches indicate lack of single cohesive framework or unifying body of belief. From my perspective, although these theories could not all be considered as part of the early, formative stages of nursing theory development, as they are not typically considered pre-paradigmatic theorists in the same sense as some earlier philosophers and theorists in the field of nursing, the aforementioned theorist explored various approaches, each possessing their unique collection of assumptions and approaches.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
There’s no need to think about it extensively, and and my answer is yes. It is essential to incorporate nursing theory into the nursing practice. Primarily, it serves as a crucial filter through which nurses see patient circumstances, enabling them to appropriately sift through and grasp the massive amounts of data that they come into touch with on a daily basis while doing their caregiving tasks (Smith and Parker, 2014). As I see it, nursing theories provide framework for understanding and organizing the complex nature of nursing practice. It guide us in decision-making processes, help us prioritize care, and promote critical thinking. Theoretical framework also boosts productivity and provide nurses greater control over the patient care process by assisting them in planning and carrying out the procedure more skillfully (Younas and Quennell, 2019). It's my understanding that, theory can be seen as a valuable tool for improving the quality of care. Integrating nursing theory into practice is a way to ensure that nursing care is both effective and patient-centered, they empower us to provide efficient, goal-driven care.
In reply to Queenee Quiambao
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
by Carisyl Maranca -
Hi Ms. Q, I agree with your opinion about how the 4 theorist's works; Nightingale, Henderson, Levine, and Hall, were categorized as pre paradigmatic. They have incorporated a few ideas which can be categorized based on paradigms, but when we look at their works as a whole, it can not be 'boxed' within a single paradigm.
In reply to Queenee Quiambao
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
The information about pre-paradigmatic nursing theories is accurate and I agree, Ma’am Q! Definitely, nursing theories shall guide practice towards improving quality of nursing care. Thank you for the insight.
In reply to Queenee Quiambao
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
by KIEM LENETTE ROSARIO -
I agree with your sentiments Ms. Q, that theory is essential in the practice of nursing since it is a useful tool in guiding us to provide patient-centered and goal-driven care to our patients.
In reply to Bettina Evio
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
1. What made the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine and Hall be categorized as Pre-paradigmatic?
According to Thomas Kuhn, pre-paradigmatic is a science at an early stage of development, before it has achieved a clear framework and established an agreement about the true nature of the subject matter. (Kuhn,1996) These theories are characterized by their diverse nature. Unlike later theories, pre-paradigmatic nursing theories are not constrained by a single theoretical perspective, allowing for creativity and flexibility in nursing practice. In my understanding, the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine and Hall fall under pre-paradigmatic because they discuss nursing in a holistic, generalized and extensive manner encompassing multiple concepts, and principles shared by the different categories of nursing theories. Their works encourage nurses to explore different approaches to patient care, recognizing the uniqueness of each individual's health needs. With this kind of perspective, they provided significant contributions to the development of nursing. These theorists laid the foundation by introducing essential concepts, such as promoting safe environment and therapeutic communication and the significance of the nurse-patient relationship that revolutionized the field of nursing, shaping the way nurses understand and deliver patient care. I believe that a theory that can influence, be a solid foundation and basis of new emerging theories while being able to view nursing in a holistic manner to the extent that it cannot be classified solely in just one category because of the universality it projects, that theory belongs to pre-paradigmatic.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?Yes, definitely. Nursing theories provide a framework for understanding nursing practice. It help nurses develop a comprehensive perspective, enabling them to deliver patient-centered care effectively. In my perspective, it is a necessity to have theories in the practice of nursing because by grounding nursing practice in theory, nurses can develop a clear understanding of their roles, responsibilities, and ethical obligations. It provides a common ground for nurses to comprehend, responsibly act and effectively react to every unique health need of the patient. Nurses cannot merely act without basis hence promoting critical thinking and decision making skills. These nursing theories are the solid proofs that nursing is a not just a profession but rather a discipline that delivers holistic patient care resulting to better and positive outcomes.
In reply to Bettina Evio
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
by KIEM LENETTE ROSARIO -
1) What made the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine and Hall be categorized as Pre-paradigmatic?
Paradigms are widely acknowledged scientific achievements that serve as model issues and approaches for a community of practitioners over time (Kuhn, 1962). Kuhn's theory proposes that knowledge evolves in a cyclical and iterative manner rather than a linear approach. This cycle is divided into five stages: pre-paradigmatic, normal science, paradigm crisis, paradigm shift, and scientific revolution (Kuhn, 1962). Small (1980) defines paradigms as the mutually agreed-upon structure of concepts in a field. They are the fundamental unit through which change happens, according to Kuhn's theory. Once a paradigm is formed, research is considered "mature science" (Kuhn, 1962). The pre-paradigmatic phase is characterized by random data gathering, wherein ideas as left open-ended allowing for further theory development. There was a period of philosophy and observation before the creation of a dominant paradigm during which no single thought developed as the majority-accepted view of reality.
Nightingale recognized the particular focus of nursing in the mid-1800s and defined nursing knowledge to be distinct from medical knowledge. She defined a nurse's responsibility as preparing the patient for nature (God) to intervene. She established the following: that caring for the sick is founded on knowledge of people and their environment, which is different from the knowledge base utilized by physicians in their profession (Nightingale, 1859/1969). Despite Nightingale's early injunction in the 1850s, it took another 100 years, during the 1950s, for the nursing profession to seriously address the necessity to develop nursing knowledge in addition to medical knowledge to guide nursing practice. According to Henderson, the patient is a unique person who needs assistance becoming independent and whole—both physically and mentally. She made it clear that nursing practice is distinct from medical practice and stated that she views the nurse's function as a combination of several factors. Henderson emphasized the nursing art and suggested 14 fundamental human needs as the cornerstones for nursing care. Levine's Conservation Model states that every individual has a unique set of adaptive responses. According to Levine's (1973) paradigm, nursing interventions and interactions are crucial to maintaining wholeness and promoting adaptation. These connections have their roots in the scientific foundations of conservation theory, which aims to achieve equilibrium between the supply and demand of energy. Hall represented several facets of nursing and patient care with three interconnecting circles. The care circle depicts the patient's physical body, the cure circle the illness affecting the patient's physical structure, and the core circle the person's inner thoughts and coping mechanisms.
2) Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
Indeed we need nursing theories in practicing nursing. In fact, theory is an essential component of the nursing vocabulary in practice, education, and administration, as stated by Meleis (2007). The widespread recognition of nursing as a profession and a separate academic field was a significant prelude to the theoretical era. According to Fawcett (1984), Hardy (1978), and Kuhn (1970), the 1980s experienced significant advancements in nursing theory and marked the shift from the pre-paradigm to the paradigm period. The current nursing paradigm established perspectives for nursing research, nursing education, nursing practice, nursing administration, and theory advancement in nursing. It serves as a backbone and a guide in providing a holistic nursing care for the ill or well individuals.
Paradigms are widely acknowledged scientific achievements that serve as model issues and approaches for a community of practitioners over time (Kuhn, 1962). Kuhn's theory proposes that knowledge evolves in a cyclical and iterative manner rather than a linear approach. This cycle is divided into five stages: pre-paradigmatic, normal science, paradigm crisis, paradigm shift, and scientific revolution (Kuhn, 1962). Small (1980) defines paradigms as the mutually agreed-upon structure of concepts in a field. They are the fundamental unit through which change happens, according to Kuhn's theory. Once a paradigm is formed, research is considered "mature science" (Kuhn, 1962). The pre-paradigmatic phase is characterized by random data gathering, wherein ideas as left open-ended allowing for further theory development. There was a period of philosophy and observation before the creation of a dominant paradigm during which no single thought developed as the majority-accepted view of reality.
Nightingale recognized the particular focus of nursing in the mid-1800s and defined nursing knowledge to be distinct from medical knowledge. She defined a nurse's responsibility as preparing the patient for nature (God) to intervene. She established the following: that caring for the sick is founded on knowledge of people and their environment, which is different from the knowledge base utilized by physicians in their profession (Nightingale, 1859/1969). Despite Nightingale's early injunction in the 1850s, it took another 100 years, during the 1950s, for the nursing profession to seriously address the necessity to develop nursing knowledge in addition to medical knowledge to guide nursing practice. According to Henderson, the patient is a unique person who needs assistance becoming independent and whole—both physically and mentally. She made it clear that nursing practice is distinct from medical practice and stated that she views the nurse's function as a combination of several factors. Henderson emphasized the nursing art and suggested 14 fundamental human needs as the cornerstones for nursing care. Levine's Conservation Model states that every individual has a unique set of adaptive responses. According to Levine's (1973) paradigm, nursing interventions and interactions are crucial to maintaining wholeness and promoting adaptation. These connections have their roots in the scientific foundations of conservation theory, which aims to achieve equilibrium between the supply and demand of energy. Hall represented several facets of nursing and patient care with three interconnecting circles. The care circle depicts the patient's physical body, the cure circle the illness affecting the patient's physical structure, and the core circle the person's inner thoughts and coping mechanisms.
2) Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
Indeed we need nursing theories in practicing nursing. In fact, theory is an essential component of the nursing vocabulary in practice, education, and administration, as stated by Meleis (2007). The widespread recognition of nursing as a profession and a separate academic field was a significant prelude to the theoretical era. According to Fawcett (1984), Hardy (1978), and Kuhn (1970), the 1980s experienced significant advancements in nursing theory and marked the shift from the pre-paradigm to the paradigm period. The current nursing paradigm established perspectives for nursing research, nursing education, nursing practice, nursing administration, and theory advancement in nursing. It serves as a backbone and a guide in providing a holistic nursing care for the ill or well individuals.
In reply to Bettina Evio
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
by John Paul De Leon -
1. What made the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine and Hall be categorized as Pre-paradigmatic?
Pre-paradigmatic stage is confusion as multiple paradigms are put forward by different school of thoughts. Scientists may disagree with one another as they propose and support their individual theories. In this pre-paradigmatic era the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine and Hall was a science at a primitive stage of development. Wherein, according to Kuhn (1996 as cited in Wall & Carraro, 2009) paradigm shifts occur when empirical reality no longer fits the existing theories science. For example, recent scientific innovations and reforms in health disciplines have changed the way of viewing human beings and their health. The impact of these new ideas and research on health care delivery is, in effect, a paradigm shift (Wall & Carraro, 2009). In addition, their theories are widely generalized and apply to all living human beings. It can also be used in any setting with any human beings who is sufferings and willing to seek assistance from a nurse.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
Definitely yes, since nursing theories have guided practice in the past and through research, development and scientific studies. Nursing theories will be the basis of nursing practice as of today. It will be guided the nurses when it comes in knowledge development, education, evidence-based practice. Nurses also understand their purpose and role in healthcare settings. Most importantly, improving quality of care and influencing good health of the patients.
Pre-paradigmatic stage is confusion as multiple paradigms are put forward by different school of thoughts. Scientists may disagree with one another as they propose and support their individual theories. In this pre-paradigmatic era the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine and Hall was a science at a primitive stage of development. Wherein, according to Kuhn (1996 as cited in Wall & Carraro, 2009) paradigm shifts occur when empirical reality no longer fits the existing theories science. For example, recent scientific innovations and reforms in health disciplines have changed the way of viewing human beings and their health. The impact of these new ideas and research on health care delivery is, in effect, a paradigm shift (Wall & Carraro, 2009). In addition, their theories are widely generalized and apply to all living human beings. It can also be used in any setting with any human beings who is sufferings and willing to seek assistance from a nurse.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
Definitely yes, since nursing theories have guided practice in the past and through research, development and scientific studies. Nursing theories will be the basis of nursing practice as of today. It will be guided the nurses when it comes in knowledge development, education, evidence-based practice. Nurses also understand their purpose and role in healthcare settings. Most importantly, improving quality of care and influencing good health of the patients.
In reply to John Paul De Leon
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
by Ralph Marco Alonzo -
The concept of the pre-paradigmatic stage as a period marked by confusion and the coexistence of multiple paradigms resonates with the inherent challenges of early scientific development. The acknowledgment that scientists during this phase may hold differing views underscores the dynamic nature of intellectual discourse.
The idea that the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine, and Hall represent a science at a primitive stage aligns with the historical context of nursing theories. Recognizing this early developmental phase is crucial in appreciating the foundational contributions of these theorists to the evolving field of nursing.
The reference to Kuhn's notion of paradigm shifts adds a layer of understanding to the transformative nature of scientific progress. The example of recent innovations in health disciplines driving shifts in how we perceive human health highlights the continuous evolution in scientific thought.
The observation that theories from this era are widely generalized and applicable to diverse settings and individuals emphasizes the universality of nursing theories. This adaptability underscores the enduring value of foundational nursing principles, applicable across different healthcare scenarios.
In summary, the reaction acknowledges the complexities of the pre-paradigmatic stage, appreciates the transformative potential of paradigm shifts, and recognizes the enduring applicability of early nursing theories in diverse healthcare settings.
The idea that the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine, and Hall represent a science at a primitive stage aligns with the historical context of nursing theories. Recognizing this early developmental phase is crucial in appreciating the foundational contributions of these theorists to the evolving field of nursing.
The reference to Kuhn's notion of paradigm shifts adds a layer of understanding to the transformative nature of scientific progress. The example of recent innovations in health disciplines driving shifts in how we perceive human health highlights the continuous evolution in scientific thought.
The observation that theories from this era are widely generalized and applicable to diverse settings and individuals emphasizes the universality of nursing theories. This adaptability underscores the enduring value of foundational nursing principles, applicable across different healthcare scenarios.
In summary, the reaction acknowledges the complexities of the pre-paradigmatic stage, appreciates the transformative potential of paradigm shifts, and recognizes the enduring applicability of early nursing theories in diverse healthcare settings.
In reply to Bettina Evio
Re: Nursing Theories Categorization Based on Paradigms
by Ralph Marco Alonzo -
1. What made the works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine, and Hall be categorized as Pre-paradigmatic?
The works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine, and Hall are categorized as pre-paradigmatic due to the historical context in which these nursing theorists developed their theories. During their time, the field of nursing was in a phase of evolution, and a universally accepted theoretical framework or paradigm had not yet been established. Nursing theorists were laying the foundation for nursing science, but the discipline had not undergone a clear and definitive shift in its worldview or theoretical underpinnings.
In the pre-paradigmatic stage, nursing was still exploring and defining its unique domain, and there was a lack of a standardized set of concepts and propositions that offered a distinct perspective to guide research and practice. These theorists made significant contributions by providing theoretical guidance for professional nursing practice, but their theories were part of the evolving landscape rather than a fully established paradigm. Theories developed during this period contributed to the gradual emergence of a nursing paradigm but did not fully embody a comprehensive and universally accepted worldview.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
Yes, theory is essential in the practice of nursing. Nursing theories provide a structured and systematic way to understand, analyze, and apply knowledge in patient care. They offer a framework for nurses to comprehend the complexities of patient interactions, make informed clinical decisions, and predict outcomes. Theories guide evidence-based practice, ensuring that nursing interventions are based on sound theoretical foundations.
Moreover, nursing theories contribute to the professionalization of nursing by providing a common language and framework for communication among healthcare professionals. They facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and help nurses articulate their unique contributions to healthcare. In the absence of theory, nursing practice might lack coherence and a standardized approach, hindering the development of a unified and evolving discipline.
While no single theory can fully explain the entirety of nursing phenomena, the presence of theories illuminates different aspects of nursing, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding. Therefore, theory serves as a guiding light in nursing practice, education, and research, promoting continuous advancement and refinement of the discipline.
The works of Nightingale, Henderson, Levine, and Hall are categorized as pre-paradigmatic due to the historical context in which these nursing theorists developed their theories. During their time, the field of nursing was in a phase of evolution, and a universally accepted theoretical framework or paradigm had not yet been established. Nursing theorists were laying the foundation for nursing science, but the discipline had not undergone a clear and definitive shift in its worldview or theoretical underpinnings.
In the pre-paradigmatic stage, nursing was still exploring and defining its unique domain, and there was a lack of a standardized set of concepts and propositions that offered a distinct perspective to guide research and practice. These theorists made significant contributions by providing theoretical guidance for professional nursing practice, but their theories were part of the evolving landscape rather than a fully established paradigm. Theories developed during this period contributed to the gradual emergence of a nursing paradigm but did not fully embody a comprehensive and universally accepted worldview.
2. Do we really need theory in the practice of nursing?
Yes, theory is essential in the practice of nursing. Nursing theories provide a structured and systematic way to understand, analyze, and apply knowledge in patient care. They offer a framework for nurses to comprehend the complexities of patient interactions, make informed clinical decisions, and predict outcomes. Theories guide evidence-based practice, ensuring that nursing interventions are based on sound theoretical foundations.
Moreover, nursing theories contribute to the professionalization of nursing by providing a common language and framework for communication among healthcare professionals. They facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and help nurses articulate their unique contributions to healthcare. In the absence of theory, nursing practice might lack coherence and a standardized approach, hindering the development of a unified and evolving discipline.
While no single theory can fully explain the entirety of nursing phenomena, the presence of theories illuminates different aspects of nursing, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding. Therefore, theory serves as a guiding light in nursing practice, education, and research, promoting continuous advancement and refinement of the discipline.