Week 11
ACTIVITY 1
by GEORGETTE E. ZALDIVAR
Answer the following questions:
1. Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
When the body encounters injury which, in turn, causes certain parts to be traumatized, the body initiates an inflammatory response that shields the said area from infection and further injury. Physiotherapist and Clinical Pilates Instructor Christina Eng (2019) identified three stages of inflammation: inflammatory response, repair and regeneration, and remodeling and maturation.
Inflammatory response: Following an injury, the body starts the healing process with an acute vascular inflammatory response. This occurs immediately upon the occurrence of energy and lasts three to five days. Evidently, there would be an obvious redness (or erythema) and swelling due to vascular changes, which are produced to improve the injured area's blood flow, mobilize cells, and transport them to initiate the recovery process brought on by chemical and cell exudation. Swelling and discomfort are brought on by chemical and cell exudation. If there is bleeding within the tissues, a hematoma could develop. Additionally, chemical irritants are eliminated, the region is isolated from the tissues around it, and circulation is hampered. Early fibroblastic cell activity is present. Pain is typically widespread when at rest and can get worse with activities. Guarding and secondary muscular spasms typically impede passive motion. Pain is experienced during a range of motion tests before the tissue resistance is. Even though surface swelling and edema may result from injuries to deep structures or poorly vascularized areas, they may not be apparent.
Repair and regeneration: This phase is mainly on new collagen formation; Additionally, harmful chemicals are neutralized, and new capillary beds that are forming in the damaged areas are supported by the growth of connective tissue (collagen fibers), resulting in the formation of granulation buds. The formation of new collagen fibers takes the appearance of a scar, and the connections between the fibers are weak. As a result, the new tissue is fragile and prone to being damaged by overly vigorous activities. Visible inflammation symptoms start to lessen, the range of motion improves, and pain at the site of tissue resistance is felt.
Remodeling and maturation: Remodeling refers to the organization and shrinkage of collagen fibers along the lines of stress, whereas maturation refers to the growth of fibroblasts into fibrocytes. The tissue continues to restructure, strengthen, and enhance its cellular organization as the healing process advances. Less new collagen is formed, but the collagen fibers are more organized and their connections are stronger than before. Because new collagen must align along the lines of stress to effectively handle the loads necessary for function, the tension becomes crucial. There are no indications of inflammation, and the scar tissue is maturing. It may take months or years for tissue remodeling to be finished, and its conclusion is unclear; signs would include improved range of motion and strength. When tissue resistance is met, pain is felt farther into the range of motion.
2. Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
The body has an immune system that is made of a network of organs, cells, and proteins that work together specifically intending to fight foreign invaders, such as microbes like bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, that cause infection, illness, and disease (Immune System: Parts & Common Problems, n.d.). That said, two subsystems make up the immune system, namely the innate immune system and the humoral immune system.
The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system, offers a broad line of defense against hazardous microbes and chemicals. It primarily uses immunological cells like phagocytes and natural killer cells to combat. On the other hand, in order to particularly combat particular pathogens that the body has already come into touch with, the humoral immune system produces antibodies. This is sometimes referred to as a "specific" or "acquired" immune response.
Most intracellular pathogens spread by migrating from cell to cell through the extracellular fluids, and many of the bacteria that cause infectious disease in humans proliferate in the extracellular areas of the body, which are protected by the humoral immune system (Janeway, et al., 2001). Humoral immunity is the process of adaptive immunity reactions targeted at specific antigens. It manifests as distinct antibodies made by B cells that have been chosen particularly to neutralize the relevant antigen (Daruna, 2012).
Plasma cells secrete antibody molecules, which are the mediators of the humoral immune response. In addition to signaling B cells, the antigen that binds to the B-cell antigen receptor is also internalized and processed into peptides that trigger armed helper. There are two types of adaptive immunity: cell-mediated immunity, in which cytotoxic T cells directly destroy invasive antigens, and antibody-mediated immunity, in which B cells change into plasma cells, which generate specific proteins known as antibodies. A specific antibody would bind to and neutralize the associated antigen. Both the mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity would benefit from the assistance of helper T cells.
REFERENCES:
Daruna, J. H. (2012). Psychosocial Stress. Introduction to Psychoneuroimmunology, 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-382049-5.00007-3
Eng, C. (2019). The Three Stages of Inflamation. Treloar Physiotherapy Clinic. https://www.treloarphysio.com/the-three-stages-of-inflamation/
How does the immune system work? (2020). National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279364/
Immune system explained. (n.d.). Better Health Channel. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/immune-system
Immune System: Parts & Common Problems. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved November 17, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21196-immune-system
Janeway Jr, C., Travers, P., M, W., & Shlomchik, M. (2001). The Humoral Immune Response. In Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (5th ed.). Garland Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10752/
What are the Stages of Inflammation? (2011). G4 Physiotherapy & Fitness. https://www.g4physio.co.uk/blog/physiotherapy/inflammation/what-are-the-stages-of-inflammation/