Answer the following questions:
Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
From the outside, the human body seems to be just a simple figure; but when it casts a spell, it holds one in its net of wonder. Billions of microscopic parts and life-sized portions, flaunting certain capacities, are working together to carry out the processes that sustain life.
When it comes to inflammation, a defense mechanism is performed in response to an injury. Soft tissue damage can be caused by a variety of things. The most frequent kind of injuries are physical ones like strains, sprains, and contusions, but other types, such those brought on by heat or chemicals, can also happen. Trauma directly damages the cells in the area of the wound, which results in bleeding. As a direct consequence, a chemical signaling cascade that drives actions targeted at mending damaged tissues is started by the organism in response to tissue injury. Leukocyte chemotaxis from the general circulation to damaged areas is triggered by these signals. Wherein, the cytokines that are produced by these activated leukocytes cause inflammatory reactions (Chen, Deng, Cui, Fang, Zuo, Deng, Li, Wang, and Zhao, 2017).
According to Eng (2012), there are three phases of inflammation. First on the list is the (1) inflammatory response. The initial vascular inflammatory response is the first step in the healing of acute wounds. Vascular modifications are made to enhance blood flow to the location, mobilize cells, and transport them there to start the healing process. The body starts to produce new collagen in the injured region after removing the damaged cells. Next to this is (2) repair and regeneration. New collagen creation characterizes the second phase. The formation of new collagen fibers takes the appearance of a scar, and the connections between the fibers are weak. As a result, the new tissue is fragile and prone to being damaged by too vigorous activities. Ultimately, (3) remodeling and maturation. The tissue continues to restructure, strengthen, and enhance its cellular organization as the healing process advances. Less new collagen is formed, but the collagen fibers are more organized and their connections are stronger. Because new collagen must align along the lines of stress to effectively handle the loads necessary for operation, tension becomes crucial. It may take months or years for tissue remodeling to be finished, and its conclusion is unclear.
Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
In the warfare against the invasion of pathogens, the immune system casts the body under its aegis. The immune system serves as the body's defense against or restriction of infection through the intervention of the huge network of cells, organs, proteins, and tissues it contains. Without it, the body wouldn't be able to fend off attacks from viruses, parasites, bacteria, and other harmful organisms. Healthy tissue and undesired chemicals can be distinguished by an immune system that is completely functional. It will launch an intricate fight to defend the body from intruders if it identifies an unwelcome material. Additionally, it detects and eliminates damaged and dead cells (Goodwin, 2022).
Immunity is innate to humans since birth. In an innate type of immunity, barriers that impede the entrance of harmful materials are involved. These barriers serve as the immune system's first line of defense. According to Science Direct (2014), there are four main mechanisms entwined with the activation of this type of immunity:
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Anatomical and physiological barriers
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Inflammation
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Complement activation, Cytokine secretion, and Target cell lysis
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Phagocytosis and Autophagy
As demonstrated, a number of cells, including phagocytes, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils, as well as the complement system, mediate this quick immune response, which happens minutes or hours after aggression (Marshall, Warrington, Watson, and Kim, 2018).