Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
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Inflammation is an attempt to remove microbes, toxins, or foreign material from the site of injury, prevent their spread to other tissues, and prepare the site for tissue repair to restore tissue homeostasis. Inflammation causes symptoms such as pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat, which can be recalled as PRISH.
- Inflammation is one of the body's nonspecific defense mechanisms, and it has three primary stages: vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability, phagocyte emigration from the blood into interstitial fluid, and tissue repair. Increased permeability in the first stage allows substances normally retained in blood to pass through the blood vessels. Vasodilation allows more blood to flow through the injured area, and increased permeability allows defensive proteins from the blood, such as antibodies and clotting factors, to enter the injured area. During phagocyte emigration, neutrophils squeeze through the blood vessel wall to reach the damaged area. By phagocytosis, neutrophils attempt to destroy the invading microbes.
Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
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Antibody-mediated (Humoral) immunity primarily defends against extracellular pathogens, viruses, bacteria, or fungi found in bodily fluids outside of cells. B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete specific proteins known as antibodies or immunoglobulins, which work primarily against antigens found in body fluids and extracellular pathogens that multiply in body fluids. A specific antibody can bind to and inactivate an antigen. Furthermore, cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses frequently work together to eliminate many antigen copies from the body.
Reference:
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2018). Principles of anatomy and physiology. John Wiley & Sons.