Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
The immune system's biological reaction, inflammation, may be brought on by several effects, including infections, damaged cells, and toxic substances. The heart, pancreas, liver, kidney, lung, brain, digestive tract, and reproductive system may all experience acute or chronic inflammatory reactions, which may result in tissue damage or illness.
The three stages of inflammation are as follows: (1) vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, (2) phagocyte emigration, and (3) tissue repair. Inflammatory responses to pathogens or injury that occurred in the body.
The immune system activates and sends out responders. The pathogens or site of injury, the damaged cells in the traumatic site release certain chemicals such as Histamine, Kinins, Prostaglandins, and Leukotrienes. These chemicals will cause the dilation of the arterioles, the blood flow increases around the site; the wound becomes redness, heat, and pain. The chemicals also cause an increase in the permeability of the capillaries; thus, phagocytes would be able to pass out of the capillaries and into the site of trauma. These phagocytes would emigrate, engulf and consume the pathogens. The tissue fluid is formed and accumulates in the site giving a swollen look to the external appearance of the wound. The tissue formation is characterized by re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and wound contraction. Re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and wound contraction define tissue repair.
Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
Humoral Immunity- Can be attained naturally by infection or through artificial means by vaccination (primary immune response from an inactive form of the pathogen).
Primary immune response- Begins when a B-cell encounters its antigen that causes endocytosis. It would follow up by replication or proliferation then differentiation into plasma cells. They would mass-produce the antibodies that will recognize a certain antigen, all the antibodies would circulate in the blood and lymph waiting for the antigen again. The main drawback of this immunity response is that it takes days to produce the antibodies, The body cannot act during the initial invasion, but gradually the antibodies will increase in amount first and neutralize the foreign materials. The advantage of this immunity is that it is already prepared during the Second immune response, so if that antigen comes back, the antibodies will be swift to neutralize the antigen for destruction.
Its mechanism protects our body through the planning and strategic deployment of antibodies. It turns our body into adaptive machines capable of integrating the antigen properties and turning it against that same antigen. It may not be as used when an antigen is first encountered by the body, but in the multiple spans of invasion of the same antigen, the body is already prepared.
References:
(14) The Immune System: Innate Defenses and Adaptive Defenses - YouTube
(14) Animation 24.1 Inflammatory response - YouTube