a. High blood pressure
High blood pressure makes it difficult for the blood to circulate effectively throughout the body as blood is pumping with more force which can damage the arteries. This leads to an increase in heart rate and blood volume as well as increased preload and afterload which leads to an increase in cardiac output.
b. Massive bleeding
Suffering from massive bleeding leads to a decreased blood volume due to blood loss. This leads to a reduce in preload, afterload and contractility which then leads to a decrease in cardiac output.
c. the drug dopamine
The drug dopamine is used to treat low cardiac output and others as it produces chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium which leads to an increased heart rate and contractility.
d. Running a sprint
Running a sprint will increase heart rate as the body would require more oxygen and blood which increases stroke volume with increase of preload and contractility, decrease of afterload and increase in cardiac output as well.
e. Hyperthryoidism with increased secretion of thyroid hormones
As the preload and contractile force of the heart increases due to hyperthyroidism, cardiac output then increases highly. Stroke volume would also increase as well as the heart rate.
f. Massive myocardial infarction (cardiac tissue death)
Massive myocardial infraction, also known as heart attack is a fatal blow to a person's heart where it slowly dies due to lack of blood flow caused by blockage in the arteries. There would be a increased preload and afterload with low contractility which then causes a decrease in cardiac output
g. Hypothermia
Hypothermia causes a decrease in heart rate and an increase in contractility which leads to a decrease in cardiac output.
h. Emotional distress
As we experience emotional distress, our blood pressure increases as well as the heart rate. The emotions at this state leads to an increase in stroke volume, heart rate, contractility which then leads to an increase in cardiac output