A. ACTIVITY
Briefly explain the main cause or mechanism of increase in respiratory rate or depth and/or respiratory difficulties in the following cases: (one to two sentences only)
1. Initiation of exercise
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When exercise starts, the sympathetic nervous system is triggered, which causes a rapid increase in heart rate. Additionally, the heart rate increases just by thinking about exercising; this is known as the anticipatory heart rate response.
2. Moderate exercise
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Exercise causes your muscles to work harder, which increases the amount of oxygen your body requires and the amount of carbon dioxide it creates. When you are at rest, you breathe about 15 times per minute (12 liters of air), but when you are exercising, you breathe roughly 40–60 times per minute (100 liters of air) to accommodate the increased demand.
3. Asthma attack
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The amount of air we breathe in and out roughly balances out when everything is functioning appropriately. However, air becomes trapped inside the lungs during an asthma attack, making it increasingly difficult to breathe.
4. Abrupt ascent into high altitudes
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Though the amount of oxygen in inspired air is constant with altitude, the partial pressure of inspired oxygen falls with elevation, which lowers the driving pressure for gas exchange in the lungs.
5. Pneumonia
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A healthy person's lungs are made up of tiny sacs called alveoli that fill with air when they breathe. As a result of the pus and fluid-filled alveoli that are present in pneumonia, breathing becomes difficult and oxygen intake is impeded.
6. Paralysis of phrenic nerve
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Breathing or respiration depends heavily on the phrenic nerve. Your diaphragm contracts and expands as a result, allowing you to breathe in and out. A paralyzed diaphragm can result from nerve injury. You can have trouble falling asleep and feeling out of breath.
7. Severe tuberculosis with resulting lung scar tissue
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In situations with significant lung injury, the considerable lung compression brought on by respiratory distress also causes severe inflammation, dyspnea, pleurisy, cough, shortness of breath, and chronic bronchitis in cases with extensive lung damage.
8. Severe anemia
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Your body needs iron to produce enough of a component in red blood cells that makes it possible for them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin). Thus, iron deficiency anemia may make you feel fatigued and breathless.
9. advanced COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
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You may be more susceptible to changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood and/or lungs if you have COPD. Your body may respond by using quick breathing to obtain oxygen when your partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) is low.
10. Advanced pregnancy
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The chest increases in size. The diaphragm, a broad, flat muscle required for breathing, rises toward the chest. air intake and output are both increased. the lungs' capacity to hold air decreases.
REFERENCES:
NCBI - WWW Error Blocked Diagnostic. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4818249/
Williams, M. (2012, May 21). Heart Rate Response to Exercise – Williams Sport Training. https://williamssport.com/heart-rate-response-to-exercise/
Asthma Attacks. (2019, April 29). Department of Pediatrics. https://med.virginia.edu/pediatrics/clinical-and-patient-services/patient-tutorials/asthma/asthma-attacks/
NCBI - WWW Error Blocked Diagnostic. (n.d.-b). Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114067/
Pneumonia. (2021, November 11). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia
Phrenic Nerve: Anatomy & Function. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22270-phrenic-nerve
Villines, Z. (2019, June 21). What to know about pulmonary tuberculosis. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325526
Iron deficiency anemia - Symptoms and causes. (2022, January 4). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355034
COPD-Associated Tachypnea. (2020, December 7). Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/tachypnea-function-and-treatment-914914
The Lungs in Pregnancy. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2022, from https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/family-resources-library/the-lungs-in-pregnancy