1. Anatomy as well as physiology have several subspecialties. Can you identify these subspecialties and explain what they specifically study?
ANATOMY
- Embryology - studies the first eight weeks of development following fertilization of an egg
- Development Biology - studies the complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death
- Cell Biology - studies the cellular structure and functions
- Surface Anatomy - studies the surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation
- Gross Anatomy - studies structures that can be examined without using a microscope
- Systemic Anatomy - studies structure of specific systems of the body such as nervous system or respiratory system
PHYSIOLOGY
- Neurophysiology - studies the functional properties of nerve cells
- Endocrinology - studies hormones and how they control body functions
- Cardiovascular Physiology - studies functions of the heart and blood vessels
- Immunology - studies how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents
- Renal Physiology - studies the functions of the kidneys
- Pathophysiology - studies the functional chances associated with disease and aging
2. Can you give your own example on how a structure of a body part is related to its function?
- Our teeth are made of enamel, which is the hardest substance in our bodies. Enamel is the white outer layer of our teeth that is composed primarily of calcium phosphate, a hard mineral. We also have four sharp and pointed canine teeth located near the corners of dental arches between incisors and bicuspids. In addition, we have incisors in both the upper and lower jaws, bicuspids behind and adjacent to the canines, and molars, which are the most posterior teeth in the mouth. Our teeth have enamel and different types because our teeth's primary function is to cut, crush, grind, tear, and chew food. Strong teeth are required to grind and crush hard food.