1. sphenoid bone
2. intramembranous ossification (occurs on or within fibrous connective and tissue membranes) forms flat bones (skull, mandible, clavicle)
endochondral ossification (replacement of hyaline cartiilage with bone) forms almost all of the bones, except flat bones
3. Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and gliding joints
3.2 ball and socket joints allow for movement in all directions