N3 Anatomy and Physiology (1st Sem AY 2022-2023)

1. Which bone (yellow) is centrally located and joins with most of the other bones of the skull? The link of the video at the study guide.

Sphenoid Bone is the centrally located yellow bone and joins with other bones of the skull.

1. What are the two mechanisms by which the bones of the body are formed and which bones are formed by each mechanism?

Ossification is a process that produces a new bone, lengthens, and thickens bone throughout life. There are two mechanisms in which the bones are formed: Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification. The former, Intramembranous Ossification, is the formation of bone within fibrous connective tissues (Mesenchyme) which has undifferentiated cells. It will then be differentiated into bone cells (osteocytes) that will promote the deposition of calcium salts. The bones formed through Intramembranous Ossification are the flat bones of the skull, clavicle in the two superior-lateral sides of the sternum, and mandible and maxilla of facial bones. While the latter, Endochondral Ossification happens when hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. All the bones in the body, like vertebrae, limbs, ribs, and many more, arise from this kind of mechanism, except the mentioned bones in the intramembranous ossification mechanism.

1. What are the synovial joints being described in the video?

The six synovial joints described in the video are as follows:

1. Ball and Socket Joint in the shoulder

2. Hinge Joint in the knee

3. Pivot Joint in the superior vertebral column

4. Condyloid Joint in Hands

5. Saddle Joint, another joint in hands

6. Plane Joint in inferior vertebral column

2. Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest ranges of motion?

Ball and Socket Joints allow the widest range of motion. This kind of joint can be found in hips and shoulders.