Activity 2. Organ-System Level

MANAPOL, Mel Phillip D. — Activity 2. Organ-System Level

MANAPOL, Mel Phillip D. — Activity 2. Organ-System Level

by Mel Phillip Manapol -
Number of replies: 0

1. What are the organs that constitute each of the organ-systems above?

 

Generally, these organ systems consist of the following:

 

  • Integumentary system
    • Skin
    • Hair
    • Nails
    • Exocrine glands
  • Skeletal system
    • Bones
    • Cartilage
    • Ligaments
    • Tendons
  • Muscular system
    • No distinct organs; however, many tissues among organs consists of the following:
      • Skeletal muscle
      • Smooth muscle
      • Cardiac muscle
  • Nervous system
    • Brain
    • Spinal cord
  • Endocrine system
    • Hypothalamus
    • Pituitary gland
    • Pineal gland
    • Thyroid gland
    • Parathyroid gland
    • Adrenal gland
    • Thymus
    • Pancreas
  • Cardiovascular system
    • Heart
    • Blood vessels
    • Lymphatic system
    • Bone marrow
    • Thymus
    • Lymph nodes
    • Spleen
    • Tonsils
  • Respiratory system
    • Mouth and nose
    • Pharynx
    • Larynx
    • Trachea
    • Bronchi
    • Lungs
  • Digestive system
    • Mouth
    • Esophagus
    • Stomach
    • Small intestine
    • Large intestine
    • Rectum
    • Anus
    • Liver
    • Pancreas
    • Gallbladder
  • Urinary system
    • Kidneys
    • Ureters
    • Bladder
    • Urethra
  • Reproductive system
    • Women
      • Ovaries
      • Fallopian tubes
      • Uterus
      • Cervix
      • Vagina
    • Men
      • Prostate
      • Testicles
      • Penis

 

2. Which organ systems function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid?

 

According to DiBartola (2011), acid-base balance regulation is usually done through the cooperation of the liver, kidneys, and lungs. Here, the liver releases NH4+ through metabolizing amino acids. Then, when urea is synthesized from NH4+ and CO2, H+ would be produced and HCO3- would be titrated. Likewise, the kidneys excrete NH4+ in urine, which would affect the synthesis of urea, entailing a net gain of HCO3- and net loss of H+. Finally, through alveolar ventilation, the lungs can remove a heavy amount of volatile acid produced by certain metabolic processes. With these in mind, regulating acid-base balance in body fluid would involve parts of the digestive system, urinary system, and respiratory system.

 

Reference:

 

DiBartola, S. P. (2011). Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small animal practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.