1. What are the organs that constitute each of the organ-systems above?
- Integumentary system - skin, hair, nails (fingernails and toenails), sweat glands, and oil glands
- Skeletal system - bones, joints, ligaments, and cartilage
- Muscular system - muscles (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles) and tendons
- Nervous system - brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Endocrine system - pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (female), and testes (male)
- Cardiovascular system - blood, heart, and blood vessels
- Lymphatic system - bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, lymphatic fluid and vessels
- Respiratory system - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
- Digestive system - mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus
- Urinary system - kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
- Reproductive system - ovaries, fallopian tube, mammary glands, uterus, cervix, and vagina (in females) — epididymis, testes, prostate, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and penis (in males)
2. Which organ systems function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid?
The regulation of acid-base balance in body fluids is primarily done by the lungs and kidneys. However, the blood also has a significant role in body regulation which is why the cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems are all involved in this process. The lungs exhale carbon dioxide (an acid) which is carried by the blood, while the kidneys adjust the amount of reabsorbed bases and excreted acids.