1. What are the organs that constitute each of the organ-systems above?
a. Integumentary system: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
b. Skeletal system: bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments
c. Muscular system: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
d. Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
e. Endocrine system: pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, hypothalamus, pancreas, gonads (testes and ovaries)
f. Cardiovascular system: blood, heart, blood vessels
g. Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic fluid, thymus, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow, cells involved in generalized immune response (T cells, B cells, NK cells, and more)
h. Respiratory system: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
i. Digestive system: mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
j. Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
k. Reproductive system
i. Male reproductive system: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis
ii. Female reproductive system: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands
2.Which organ systems function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid?
As mentioned by (Tortora & Derrickson, 2017), the organ systems that help regulate acid-base balance are the cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems. The cardiovascular system utilizes blood to remove carbon dioxide from the body. By changing the circulating carbonic acid concentrations through exhalation, the respiratory system contributes to the regulation of blood acid-base or pH status. The urinary system utilizes two methods to change blood pH status, specifically by the excretion of hydrogen (H+) ions as ammonia or reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions.
——————————
References:
- Saladin, K. (2003). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math.
- Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (15th ed.). Wiley.
- Turiccki, J., & Haque, O. (2022, May 03). Urinary Regulation of Acid-Base Balance. Retrieved from TeachMe Physiology: https://teachmephysiology.com/urinary-system/regulation/urinary-acid-base/