1. What are the organs that constitute each of the organ systems above?
According to The Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J. Tortora & Bryan Derrickson, Eleven organ systems are within the Human Body. These systems have multiple components and functions, namely:
- Integumentary System
A. Components
- Skin and associated structures include hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
B. Functions
- Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates wastes; helps produce Vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.
- Skeletal System
A. Components
- Bones, Joints, and Cartilages
B. Functions
- Supports and protects the body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
- Muscular System
A. Components
- Skeletal Muscle Tissue (other classifications of muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac).
B. Functions
- Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.
- Nervous System
A. Components
- Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Eyes, and Ears
B. Functions
- Generates action potentials, AKA nerve impulses, to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body's internal and external environments; interprets changes; and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
- Endocrine System
A. Components
- Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes)
B. Functions
- Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from the endocrine gland or tissue to the target organ).
- Cardiovascular System
A. Components
- Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels
B. Functions
- The heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells. Additionally, it helps regulate body fluids' acid-base balance, temperature, and water content; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
- Lymphatic System
A. Components
- Lymphatic fluid, vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils
B. Functions
- Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
- Respiratory System
A. Components
- Lungs, Trachea, Larynx, Bronchial Tubes
B. Functions
- Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exhaled air; helps regulate the acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
- Digestive System
A. Components
- Mouth, Pharynx (throat), Esophagus (Food Tube), Stomach, Large and Small Intestines, Anus, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
B. Functions
- It achieves food's physical and chemical breakdown, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste.
- Urinary System
A. Components
- Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
B. Functions
- Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; keeps body's mineral balance; helps regulate the production of red blood cells.
- Reproductive Systems (Male and Female)
A. Components
- Male: Testes, Epididymis, ductus, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis
- Female: Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Mammary Glands
B. Functions
- Gonads (testes and ovaries) produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.
2. Which organ systems function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid?
The organ systems that regulate acid-base balance in body fluid are the Cardiovascular System, Respiratory System, and Urinary System.