Activity 2. Organ-System Level
1. What are the organs that constitute each of the organ-system above?
Integumentary system- Skin, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, nails, hair, and exocrine glands.
Skeletal system- Bones, connective tissue: cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
Muscular system- Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
Nervous system- CNs- Brain and spinal cord; PNs- Nerves and sensory organs.
Endocrine system- Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
Cardiovascular system- Heart, blood, blood vessels: veins, arteries, and capillaries.
Lymphatic system- lymph nodes: Neck(cervical), Armpit (axillary), Groin (inguinal), Thymus, Spleen, lymph vessels, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoid, Peyer’s patch, appendix.
Respiratory system- Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Digestive system- Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus.
Urinary system- Kidney, Renal pelvis, Bladder, Ureter, Urethra.
Reproductive system- Male: Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum, urethra. Female: fallopian tube, ovary, cervix, vagina
Source: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2011). Principles of anatomy & physiology. (13th ed., pp. 6-7). Danvers, MA, Wiley.
2. Which organ system function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid?
- Respiratory system- Through the use of Carbon dioxide, when CO2 level in blood rises, its excess reacts with water combining to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid is then used to regulate and adjust the pH level in the blood.
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Urinary system- The cell in kidney reabsorbs a polyatomic ion found in the urine (bicarbonate HCO3-), bringing it back to the blood. The cells then proceed to secrete Hydrogen ions H+ into the urine maintaining the pH level.
Hopkins E, Sanvictores T, Sharma S. Physiology, Acid Base Balance. [Updated 2021 Sep 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507807/