1. What are the organs that constitute each of the organ-systems above?
According to Tortora GJ & Derrickson B. (2014) the organ that constitute each of the organ-system above are as follows:
- Integumentary system: Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands and oil glands.
- Skeletal system: Bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments, and tendons.
- Muscular system: Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue.
- Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
- Endocrine system: Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
- Cardiovascular system: Heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- Lymphatic system: Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.
- Respiratory system: Lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes.
- Digestive system: Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small intestine, large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and rectum.
- Urinary system: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Reproductive system:
- Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.
- Male Reproductive System: Testes, epididymides, ductus deferens. seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.
2. Which organ systems function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid?
- Generally, the urinary and respiratory systems work continuously to regulate acid-base balance by eliminating excess acidic and basic ions. In addition, the heart pumps blood that transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste away from cells and regulates the acid-base balance. Therefore, the respiratory, urinary, and cardiovascular systems all make a significant function to the regulation of the acid-base balance in body fluids.