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Food changes in consistency and form as it travels through the digestive system. It begins in the mouth, where chewing breaks it into smaller pieces while saliva moistens it and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates. This process forms a soft bolus that is easy to swallow. Once in the stomach, strong acids and enzymes further break down the bolus into a semi-liquid substance called chyme. The churning action of the stomach ensures the food is mixed thoroughly, preparing it for the next stage of digestion. By the time the food reaches the small intestine, it is in a highly processed liquid form, ready for nutrient extraction.
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The body absorbs nutrients through the walls of the small intestine, which is lined with tiny, finger-like projections called villi. These villi increase the surface area for maximum absorption of vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Nutrients enter either the bloodstream or the lymphatic system depending on their type. For instance, glucose and amino acids travel through blood, while fats enter the lymph. From there, the circulatory system delivers these nutrients to cells throughout the body, where they are used for energy, repair, and growth. This process ensures the body gets the nutrients it needs to function optimally.