1. Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
- The inflammation process starts immediately when the body senses a harmful stimulus penetrating the physical and chemical barrier. The initial response of the vessels is to constrict, lowering the tendency of massive blood loss and temporarily raising the blood pressure to ensure continuous blood flow to essential organs, followed by vasodilation to increase blood flow to the site of injury, making the traumatized area red and warm, and by increased permeability of capillaries, permitting antibodies and clotting factors to enter the injured area, which causes fluid to leak into the inflamed tissue, causing the traumatized area to swell. Next, the emigration of phagocytes from the blood to the interstitial fluid occurs wherein the neutrophils phagocytose invading pathogens, foreign substances, and dead cells, followed by the monocytes that transform into wandering macrophages to engulf damaged tissue, worn-out neutrophils, and invading microbes. Finally, tissue repair occurs by epithelialization and covering of the wound by newly formed granulation tissue.
2. Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
- Innate, or nonspecific, immunity consists of different components that function to protect the body, including physical and chemical barriers, effector cells, antimicrobial peptides, soluble mediators, and cell receptors. These components perform their specific mechanisms when activated by a signaling cascade either to prevent infection, to eliminate invader pathogens, or to stimulate the acquired immune response.
References:
Aristizábal, B., & González, Á. (2013). Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside. In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. El Rosario University Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459455/#:~:text=Phagocytosis%20is%20considered%20one%20of
Eming, S., Krieg, T., & Davidson, J. (2007). Inflammation in Wound Repair: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 127(3), 514–525. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700701
Five Stages of Inflammation. (2022, February). Non-Surgical Orthopaedics. https://lowbackpain.com/news/what-are-the-five-stages-of-inflammation
Miklush, L., & Proper, G. (2022, March 1). Learning Medicine Made Simple - Powerful learning platform (E. Debevec-McKenney, Ed.). Osmosis. https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Inflammatory_process%3A_Nursing
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. Wiley.