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Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized
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An inflammation is a non-specific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage which reacts and is caused by pathogens, abrasions, chemical abrasions etc. This body’s second line of defense confines and destroys microbes to initiate tissue repair. The inflammatory response has three basic stages, as indicated below:
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Firstly, the vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) and increased permeability of blood vessels. This stage allows more blood to flow through the traumatized area and the increased permeability of the capillaries permits defensive proteins such as antibodies and clotting factors to enter the injured area.
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Secondly, the emigration (movement) of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial fluid. This process is important for the inflamed tissue monocytes to develop into wandering macrophages that supplement the phagocytic activity of any fixed macrophages that exist in the tissue.
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Lastly, tissue repair occurs through the death of macrophages, which results in the formation of pus (protein-rich fluid composed of dead white blood cells that the body has sent to fight infection) that travels to the body’s surface or drains into an interior cavity and disperse.
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Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body
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Innate Immunity is the body’s initial line of defense against invaders such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and poisons, as well as wounds and trauma. When these agents or events are detected, the innate immune system activates cells to fight and eliminate the invader or to begin repair, while also informing and modifying the adaptive immune response that follows this first line of defense. The innate system initiates two phases. The first is to detect targets, such as infections and aberrant tissues and cells. Second, humoral and cell effectors are coordinated to neutralize and kill the identified targets. When a host-invader pathogen interaction occurs, a signaling cascade is triggered that boosts the immune response and activates certain mechanisms.
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REFERENCES
Aristizábal , B., & González, Á. (2013, July). Innate immune system - autoimmunity - NCBI bookshelf. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459455/
Felman, A. (2023). Pus: What is it and why does it happen?. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249182
Professional, C. C. medical. (n.d.). Vasodilation: What causes blood vessels to widen. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23352-vasodilation
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. Wiley.
What is innate immunity?. WHAT IS INNATE IMMUNITY? | Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease. (n.d.). https://ciiid.washington.edu/content/what-innate-immunity