1.Briefly describe the process of inflammation in an area that has been traumatized.
Inflammation is a defensive response of our body to tissue damage that occurs in three stages:
A. VASODILATION AND INCREASED BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY: The arteriole’s increase in diameter allows more blood to go to the damaged area. The increased permeability of capillaries then aid in the passing through of defensive proteins from the blood to the injured area. It also allows the leakage of blood-clotting factors to produce a thick mesh of fibrin threads that traps invading microbes. These processes results to swelling, heat, and redness.
B. EMIGRATION OF PHAGOCYTES: With the accumulation of blood, the neutrophils stick to the endothelium of blood vessels then squeeze through it to go to the damaged area. Phagocytosis will then occur followed by the transformation of the upcoming monocytes into wandering macrophages. Like neutrophils, they also die eventually which leads to the formation of pus.
C. TISSUE REPAIR: the tissues start to repair and regenerate in the damaged area.
2.Choose one type of Immunity (Innate and Humoral) and explain how its mechanism protects our body.
Innate immunity is a rapid immune response that starts within minutes or hours after aggression. It has no immunologic memory and is considered as the first immunological mechanism. It consist of four types of defensive barriers: anatomic, physiologic, endocytic and phagocytic, and inflammatory. The main function of the innate immunity is the recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection through cytokines and chemokines.
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE
-includes physical (mucus, hair, cilia, urine, saliva, etc.) and chemical (sebum, gastric juice, lysozyme, vaginal secretions) factors
- they help form physical barriers, trap, and destroy bacteria and microbes
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE: INTERNAL DEFENSES
- includes antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, etc.
- they aid in phagocytosis and inhibits the growth and spread of microbes
References:
Marshall, J. S., Warrington, R., Watson, W., & Kim, H. L. (2018, September 12). An introduction to immunology and immunopathology - allergy, asthma & clinical immunology. BioMed Central. https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0278-1
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2020). Principles of anatomy and physiology (16th ed.). Wiley.