1. Initiation of exercise
-Exercises requires more physical activity or muscle work and movement which results to the increase of oxygen required and needed by the body. To meet this, the respiratory rate will be adjusted accordingly.
2. Moderate exercise
-The increase in the intensity of the exercise results to rise in ventilation and stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors where there is an increase in oxygen demand and carbon dioxide release. During exercise, breathing can increase up to about 40-60 times a minute.
3. Abrupt ascent into high altitudes
-Ascending into high altitudes causes a decrease in oxygen content/level that results to unstable breathing or hyperventilation.
4. Paralysis of phrenic nerve
-The paralysis of the phrenic nerve results to the malfunction of diaphragmatic function given that it provides the initial motor supply to the diaphragm.
5. Severe anemia
-Given that anemia lowers the production of red blood cells, there will be an insufficient amount of oxygen transport. In attempt to return the transport into its normal state, the body can experience rapid breathing, headache, etc.
10. Advanced pregnancy
-The increased respiratory rate in advanced pregnancy can be caused by the increase in hormones such as progesterone and by the enlargement of uterus (displacement of the diaphragm). The said displacement leads to the decrease in lung capacity and elasticity.
References:
O’Neil, D. (n.d.). Human biological adaptability: Adapting to high altitude. https://www.palomar.edu/anthro/adapt/adapt_3.htm
Smith-Garcia, D. (2023, April 5). Does anemia cause shortness of breath?. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia/anemia-and-shortness-of-breath
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (15th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2016, March). Your lungs and exercise. Breathe (Sheffield, England). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4818249/#:~:text=When%20you%20exercise%20and%20your,litres%20of%20air)%20during%20exercise.