A. ACTIVITY
1. Initiation of exercise
- The brain and the area around blood arteries include sensors that measure the quantities of carbon dioxide and oxygen in your blood. The joints and muscles have sensors that may detect arm or leg movement. These sensors might contribute to your respiratory rate increasing when you are physically active.
2. Moderate exercise
- During moderate exercise, alveolar ventilation and alveolar-capillary diffusion rise in step with their metabolic rates to avoid PaCO2 from rising and PaO2 from falling.
3. Abrupt ascent into high altitudes
- Hyperventilation is the major lung response to acute altitude exposure, which helps to ensure that the tissues receive the right quantity of oxygen in conjunction with a faster heart rate. The tidal volume is first increased to promote ventilation when the body is at rest.
4. Paralysis of phrenic nerve
- Breathing or respiration depends heavily on the phrenic nerve. The diaphragm contracts and expands as a result, allowing you to breathe in and out. A paralyzed diaphragm can result from nerve injury. Thus, one can have trouble falling asleep and feeling out of breath. Persistent hiccups may be brought on by an inflamed phrenic nerve.
5. Severe anemia
- When there's a low level of hemoglobin in comparison to normal, the capacity of blood to supply oxygen to organs is diminished. Thus, the body must compensate by working harder to meet the same requirements, such as increasing the respiratory rate or heart rate.
6. Advanced pregnancy
- The increased ventilation is caused by higher metabolic carbon dioxide production as well as enhanced respiratory drive as a result of the elevated serum progesterone level.
References:
- Tarun Madappa, M. (2023, October 5). Pulmonary disease and pregnancy. Alterations in Pulmonary Physiology During Pregnancy, Alterations in Cardiac Physiology During Pregnancy, Dyspnea During Pregnancy. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303852-overview#:~:text=The%20increase%20in%20ventilation%20occurs,relatively%20constant%20or%20increases%20slightly.
-U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/lungs/body-controls-breathing#:~:text=Sensors%20in%20the%20brain%20and,when%20you%20are%20physically%20active.
- Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Phrenic nerve: Anatomy & Function. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22270-phrenic-nerve
- Comprehensive Physiology. (n.d.). Control of breathing during exercise . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23728984/
- Department of Health & Human Services. (2001, August 6). Anaemia. Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/anaemia#:~:text=A%20decreased%20level%20of%20haemoglobin,breathing%20rate%20or%20heart%20rate.
- Cogo, A. (2011, February 28). The lung at high altitude. Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3463062/#:~:text=The%20lung%20response%20to%20acute,least%20up%20to%203500%20m.