1. Initiation of exercise
The initiation of exercise initiate the stimulation of DRG of the medulla by the proprioceptors, which monitor joint and muscle movement. The rate and depth of breathing increases, alongside changes in PO2, PCO2, and H+ levels.
2. Moderate exercise
At moderate-intensity exercises, muscle contraction is greater, hence, oxygen consumption and breathing heighten abruptly and gradually to monitor the movement of the muscles and joints. This is mostly caused by an increase in the depth of breathing than of the increased breathing rate.
3. Abrupt ascent into high altitudes
When ascending into higher altitudes, oxygen levels signififcantly decrease which will require an increase in rate and depth of breathing (hyperventilation) which prevent adverse effects to complications of hypoxia.
4. Paralysis of phrenic nerve
Once the phrenic nerve is paralyzed, it will disable movement of the diaphragm, thus, reduce gas exchange in the lungs and cause diaphragmatic paralysis or dysfunction.
5. Severe anemia
Anemia severely lowers the production of red blood cells, hence, results to the inability to supply enough oxygen to various organs of the body. This will require an increase in rapid and depth of breathing as an attempt to regulate oxygen levels in the body.
6. Advanced pregnancy
Greater oxygen levels are required to sustain both the mother and fetus, thus, the respiratory rate increases. This happens due to the growing fetus compressing the diaphragm upward to the lungs and hormonal increases during pregnancy.
REFERENCES:
Braunstein, E. M. (2023, October 13). Anemia of chronic disease. MSD Manual Consumer Version. https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/anemia/anemia-of-chronic-disease
Cleveland Clinic. (2022, September 1). Phrenic nerve. Retrieved October 25, 2023, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22270-phrenic-nerve
Cogo, A. (2011). The lung at high altitude. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3463062/#:~:text=The%20lung%20response%20to%20acute,least%20up%20to%203500%20m
Nall, R. (2022, January 31). Shortness of breath during pregnancy: Causes and management. Medical and health information. Retrieved October 25, 2023, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322316#_noHeaderPrefixedContent
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2016, March). Your lungs and exercise. NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4818249/#:~:text=When%20you%20exercise%20and%20your,litres%20of%20air)%20during%20exercise.
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2016). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley.