N3 Anatomy and Physiology AY 2023-2024

Answers:

1. The recommended injection sites for a 2-month-old newborn getting the pentavalent vaccine (Penta) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) intramuscularly are normally in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh (vastus lateralis muscle) while on the other hand, the oral polio vaccine is given orally.

Here's information about the vastus lateralis muscle:

• Origin: The vastus lateralis muscle originates from upper part of the femur (thigh bone) and the greater trochanter of femur.

• Insertion: It inserts into the patella, (kneecap) and the tibial tuberosity through the patellar tendon, which continues as the patellar ligament.

• Action: The vastus lateralis muscle is responsible for extending the knee joint, which straightens the leg at the knee.

To locate the appropriate injection site on the infant's thigh:

• Find the midpoint between the hip (greater trochanter) and the knee (tibial tuberosity) on the anterolateral aspect of the thigh.

• Divide this area into thirds, and give the injection in the middle third.

2. The deltoid muscle of the upper arm is typically the preferable site for an IM injection in adults, as it is for the 65-year-old grandfather receiving the influenza vaccine. 

Here's information about the deltoid muscle:

• Origin: The acromion process of the scapula, the spine of the scapula, and the lateral portion of the clavicle are the sources of the deltoid muscle.

• Insertion: It inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus (or the upper arm bone).

• Action: The deltoid muscle is responsible for various movements at the shoulder joint, including arm abduction (or raising the arm away from the body).

To locate the appropriate injection site on the adult's deltoid muscle:

• Ask the patient to relax their arm and hang it down by their side.

• Locate the midpoint of the lateral side of the upper arm.

• Administer the injection in the central region of the deltoid muscle, avoiding the bony parts of the shoulder.

REFERENCE:

Ben-Joseph, E. P. (Ed.). (2022, February). Your child’s immunizations: Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV, PPSV) (for parents) - nemours kidshealth. KidsHealth. https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pneumococcal-vaccine.html 

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy & physiology. Fifteenth edition; Wiley Loose-Leaf Print Companion. Hoboken, New Jersey, John