N3 Anatomy and Physiology AY 2023-2024

ACTIVITY 2

• Throwing a baseball overhead:
  • Muscles: Anterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi
    • Actions:
      • Anterior deltoid: Abducts the arm at the shoulder joint and plays a role in the initial phase of arm elevation during the throw.
      • Latissimus dorsi: Plays a significant role in extending, adducting, and internally rotating the arm, which is essential for generating power during the throwing motion.
    • Innervation:
      • Anterior deltoid: Axillary nerve
      • Latissimus dorsi: Thoracodorsal nerve
• Kicking a ball:
  • Muscles: Rectus femoris and Gastrocnemius
    • Actions:
      • Rectus Femoris: Extends the knee joint, which is crucial for kicking movements.
      • Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexes the ankle joint, providing power for the kicking action.
    • Innervation:
      • Rectus Femoris: Femoral nerve
      • Gastrocnemius: Tibial nerve
• Doing sit-ups:
  • Muscles: Rectus Abdominis and External Oblique
    • Actions:
      • Rectus Abdominis: Facilitates the bending of the lumbar spine and assists in thoracic spine flexion, enabling the upward curling motion during sit-ups.
      • External Oblique: Assists in trunk flexion and rotation, contributing to the sit-up movement.
    • Innervation:
      • Rectus Abdominis: Intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12)
      • External Oblique: Intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12)
•  Breathing:
  • Muscles: Diaphragm and External Intercostal Muscles
    • Actions:
      • Diaphragm: Contracts and flattens during inhalation, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating a vacuum to draw air into the lungs.
      • External Intercostal Muscles: Assist in elevating the ribcage during inhalation, allowing for expansion of the thoracic cavity.
    • Innervation:
      • Diaphragm: Phrenic nerve
      • External Intercostal Muscles: Intercostal nerves, originating from the thoracic spinal nerves.

References:

Diaphragm and lungs: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image. (n.d.). https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19380.htm#:~:text=Upon%20inhalation%2C%20the%20diaphragm%20contracts,forced%20out%20of%20the%20lungs.

Mbbs, S. S. (2023, July 26). Rectus abdominis muscle. Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/rectus-abdominis-muscle

Throwing biomechanics. (n.d.). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Throwing_Biomechanics#:~:text=Muscle%20activation&text=Anterior%20deltoid%20and%20pectoralis%20major,rotate%20and%20stabilize%20the%20trunk

Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2012). Principles of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.