High blood pressure
High blood pressure adds to the heart's workload. Narrowed arteries that are less elastic make it more difficult for blood to travel efficiently throughout the body, which causes the heart to work harder.
Massive bleeding
The reduction in blood volume causes a fall in central venous pressure and cardiac filling. This leads to reduced cardiac output.
Drug dopamine
Increased cardiac output is related to dopamine's direct inotropic effect on the myocardium.
Running a sprint
More blood is sent to the active skeletal muscles, and, as body temperature increases, more blood is sent to the skin. Hence, there is an increase in cardiac output.
Hyperthyroidism with increased secretion of thyroid hormones
Thyroid hormone directly affects the heart and peripheral vascular system. The hormone can increase myocardial inotropy and heart rate and dilate peripheral arteries to increase cardiac output.
Massive myocardial infarction
Loss of viable myocardium impairs cardiac function, which can lead to reduced cardiac output.
Hypothermia
A reduction in arterial blood pressure brought on by hypothermia lowers cardiac output.
Emotional distress
Our body releases stress hormones in response to emotional stress. These hormones cause our heart to beat more rapidly.