Briefly explain the main cause or mechanism of increase in respiratory rate or depth and/or respiratory difficulties in the following cases: (one to two sentences only)
1. Initiation of exercise
Our body generates carbon dioxide that stimulates increased respiration as we initiate exercise. Our cells require more ATP when we initially begin to exercise, which causes them to undergo cellular respiration more quickly.
2. Moderate exercise
Our muscles work together and harder as we begin a moderate exercise, which causes our body to use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. Our breathing must increase from about 15 times per minute (12 liters of air) at rest to roughly 40–60 times per minute (100 liters of air) during exercise.
3. Asthma attack
Air becomes trapped inside the lungs during an asthma attack, making it increasingly difficult to breathe. The muscles around the airways contract as a result of the swelling and inflammation, and the airways also create more mucus, which narrows the breathing tubes (bronchial tubes).
4. Abrupt ascent into high altitudes
At high altitudes, the blood's lower oxygen content causes breathing instability, that causes high-altitude periodic breathing (PB). The lung response aims to ensure that the tissues receive an adequate quantity of oxygen while also raising heart rate.
5. Pneumonia
Pneumonia causes increased respiratory rate because of an infection and mucus make it difficult to breath. When oxygen levels are dropping and carbon dioxide levels are rising, the heart rate and respiration rate will increase.
6. Paralysis of phrenic nerve
Breathing or respiration depends heavily on the phrenic nerve, it allows our diaphragm to contract and expand allowing us to breath in and out. A paralyzed phrenic nerve causes trouble or difficulty in breathing.
7. Severe tuberculosis with resulting lung scar tissue
TB infection causes airway inflammation that leads to airway obstruction, narrowing the airways to enhance air velocity and divert air to locations that aren't blocked. Airway inflammation can result in prolonging Mycobacterium TB infection and movement of M. TB to healthy areas of the lung.
8. Severe anemia
Breathing difficulties result from the lungs overcompensating in patients with anemia in an attempt to take in more oxygen. Hemoglobin deficiency prevents the brain from receiving enough oxygen.
9. Advanced COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
You may be more vulnerable to changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood or lungs if you have advanced COPD. Your body may respond by using rapid breathing to obtain oxygen when your partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) is low.
10. Advanced pregnancy
Because of increased metabolic carbon dioxide production and greater respiratory drive brought on by elevated serum progesterone levels, ventilation increases.