NUMBER 1
1. The parasympathetic nervous system rest and digest will be handling the body’s after-dinner activities; it increases digestion and decreases heart rate and respiration. This does the opposite of the sympathetic nervous system fight or flight; in here, the body relaxes, reduces the body activities, and regulate bodily functions such as digestion and urination.
Organs, their major nerve supply, effect of the nervous system on their functions:
a. Salivary glands: submandibular ganglion- facial nerve (VII); otic ganglion- glossopharyngeal nerve (IX). The nervous system controls the volume and type of saliva to be secreted.
b. Heart: autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system sets the resting heart rate of the pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, controls cardiac contractility, venous capacitance, and peripheral vascular diameter.
c. Lungs: autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system controls the bronchial tubes and pulmonary vessels diameter; it controls the breathing rate.
d. Liver: autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system controls the glucose uptake from blood and the release of glucose to blood.
e. Gallbladder: autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system controls the relaxation, filling, and tone of the gallbladder.
f. Stomach- autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system controls the motility, ion transport associated with absorption and secretion, and gastrointestinal blood flow.
g. Spleen: autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system modulates immune functions.
h. Pancreas: autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system regulates the cell functions of pancreas and hormones that are being released.
i. Large and small intestines: autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system coordinates digestion, motility and secretion.
j. Kidneys: autonomic plexus- vagus nerve (X). The nervous system regulates the tubular sodium reabsorption, renin release and renal vascular resistance.
k. Rectum: pelvic nerve. The nervous system regulates the rectum storage capacity and getting rid of wastes.
l. Bladder: pelvic nerve. The nervous system controls the bladder capacity and stimulates the internal urinary sphincter.
NUMBER 2
2. These effects are because of the sympathetic nervous system response, fight-or-flight; it is activated whenever we are facing a threat or when we feel that we are in danger. This active defense response increases heart rate and blood pressure, causes flushed or pale skin and trembling. The goosebumps are involuntary reaction to the fight or flight response. Moreover, the hormones released during the response also activates the sweat glands; hence, her hands were sweaty.
References:
Cleveland Clinic. (2019, December 9). What Happens to Your Body During the Fight or Flight Response? Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic; Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-happens-to-your-body-during-the-fight-or-flight-response/
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS): What It Is & Function. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23266-parasympathetic-nervous-system-psns
Parasympathetic System. (n.d.). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Parasympathetic_System
Swaddle, T., & Desai, R. (2020, August 17). Why We Get Goosebumps. The Swaddle. https://theswaddle.com/why-we-get-goosebumps/
Tortora GJ & Derrickson B. (2014). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 edition.
VIVO Pathophysiology. (2019). Enteric Nervous System. Colostate.edu. http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/gi_nervous.html
Zhang, D. Y., & Anderson, A. S. (2014). The Sympathetic Nervous System and Heart Failure. Cardiology Clinics, 32(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2013.09.010