Name at least three muscles that actively contracts during the following activities and name its action and innervation:
1. TURNING A DOOR KNOB
a. Supinator: supinates forearm at radioulnar joints; innervation: deep radial nerve
b. Pronator Teres: pronates forearm at radioulnar joints and weakly flexes forearm at elbow joint; innervation: median nerve
c. Pronator Quadratus: pronates forearm at radioulnar joints; innervation: median nerve
2. THROWING A BASEBALL OVERHEAD
a. Latissimus Dorsi: extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint; draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly; innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
b. Biceps Brachii: flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates forearm at radioulnar joints, and flexes arm at shoulder joint; innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
c. Supraspinatus: assists deltoid muscle in abducting arm at shoulder joint; innervation: suprascapular nerve
3. KICKING A BALL
a. Vastus Medialis: extend leg at knee joint; innervation: femoral nerve
b. Rectus Femoris: extend leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip joint; innervation: femoral nerve
c. Gluteus Medius: abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh; innervation: superior gluteal nerve
4. DOING SIT-UPS
a. Rectus Abdominis: flexes vertebral column, especially the lumbar portion and compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, childbirth, urination and forced exhalation; innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12
b. Transversus Abdominis: compresses abdomen; innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T8-T12, iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve
c. Rectus Femoris: extend leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip joint; innervation: femoral nerve
5. WALKING
a. Tibialis Anterior: dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and inverts (supinates) foot at intertarsal joints; innervation: deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
b. Gastrocnemius: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint; innervation: tibial nerve
c. Soleus: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; innervation: tibial nerve
6. BREATHING
a. Diaphragm: contraction (increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity; inhale) and relaxation (decreased vertical dimension of thoracic cavity; exhale) of diaphragm; innervation: phrenic nerve, which contains axons from cervical spinal nerves C3-C5.
b. External Intercostals: contraction (elevates ribs and increases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity; inhale) and relaxation (depresses ribs and decreases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity; exhale); innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T2-T12.
c. Internal Intercostals: contraction (draws adjacent ribs together to decrease anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity; forced exhalation); innervation: thoracic spinal nerves T2-T12.