N3 Anatomy and Physiology (1st Sem AY 2022-2023)

Activity 3. Topic Exercises

1. Watch this video to view a rotating and exploded skull with color-coded bones. Which bone (yellow) is centrally located and joins with most of the other bones of the skull? Access the video through this link: https://youtu.be/FrpVzSK23Q0. Take note of the parts of the skull.
   • The yellow-colored bone is the sphenoid bone, which essentially connects most of the other bones in the skull since it is located in the central part.
2. View this video to review the two processes that give rise to the bones of the skull and body. Study Guide_Integumentary and Skeletal System_Hernandez_Peralta_20225 You may also access the video thru this link: https://youtu.be/p-3PuLXp9Wg. Answer the following questions in the discussion forum in VLE.
   1. What are the two mechanisms by which the bones of the body are formed and which bones are formed by each mechanism?
      • Ossification, bone formation, is classified into two mechanisms, intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification is when the bone is formed within fibrous connective tissue membranes. This happens when mesenchyme cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which secretes an osteoid that thus becomes osteocytes. These osteocytes would later develop into trabeculae, and into the spongy bone, then conjoins to other similar structures that later would be known as the flat bones, most cranial bones, and the clavicles of the body. On the other hand, endochondral ossification is the bone formation with the use of hyaline cartilage to develop bone structure. This is seen in the development of fontanels of infant skulls into sutures of the adult skulls, growth of the vertebrae and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton.
3. Watch this video thru this link: https://youtu.be/VNbrvU7MgY0, to see an animation of synovial joints in action. After watching the video, answer the following questions.
   1. What are the synovial joints being described in the video?
      • Ball-and-socket joint- in the shoulder
      • Hinge joint- in the knee
      • Pivot joint- in the cervical vertebrae
      • Condyloid joint- in the wrist
      • Saddle joint- in the fingers
      • Gliding joint- in the vertebrae
4. Which type of synovial joint allows for the widest ranges of motion?
   • The synovial joint that allows the widest range of motion is the ball-and-socket joint.